Isotherm modeling of the removal of lead and cadmium ions from pharmaceutical wastewater using oil palm empty fruit bunch

Isotherm modeling of the removal of lead and cadmium ions from pharmaceutical wastewater using oil palm empty fruit bunch

Registration ID: IJNRD_186842

Published ID: IJNRDTH00013

DOI: Click Here to Get

Dr. Odenigbo Celestine , Engr. Dr. Odenigbo Celestine

Industrial effluents, waste-water, contaminants, pharmaceutical effluents, Biomass.

ABSTRACT: This review prioritised isotherm modelling of the lead and cadmium purging from pharmaceutical wastewater using activated oil palm empty fruit bunch. The heavy metals in pharmaceutical wastewater sample were revealed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry analysis, which proved that lead and cadmium metals are the most dangerous metals in the sample under analysis because they exceed the acceptable limits given by World Health Organization. The nutritional value of the raw and activated oil palm bunch, revealed through proximate analysis, indicated an increase in adsorbent properties after chemical activation. The surface morphological perusal of the raw and activated samples revealed considerable increment in the number of the vacant pores for effective adsorption post acid treatment while the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer analysis also indicated a surge in void spaces after activation as a result of the disappearance of certain functional groups. Kinetic, thermodynamic and isotherm modeling of the purging of lead and cadmium from pharmaceutical effluents by adsorption were done using standard equations. Langmuir model closely followed by Temkin model were the most fitting models for the adsorption process. Pseudo-second order kinetic model is the most suitable kinetic model while the results from the thermodynamic study, such as change in enthalpy, change in entropy and standard Gibb’s free energy indicated the non-spontaneity of the process. Batch adsorption study experiment was used to ascertain the effects of stirring time, temperature and dosage of the activated palm bunch on the lead and cadmium ions removal. These process conditions were optimized with central composite design of response surface methodology with the aid of a design expert (version 13). The response was removal efficiency while the suggested model was quadratic. The predicted removal efficiencies of the adsorbent for lead and cadmium ions are 89.234% and 73.318% respectively at 69.150mins, 345.155°C and 0.266g adsorbent dosage. This was validated by carrying out the metal removal at the suggested conditions to obtain actual adsorbent removal efficiencies of 87.82% and 72.51% for lead and cadmium respectively. Thus, activated oil palm bunch is economically viable and practically proven biomass waste for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

Published Paper   E-Certificate

" Isotherm modeling of the removal of lead and cadmium ions from pharmaceutical wastewater using oil palm empty fruit bunch", IJNRD - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (www.IJNRD.org), ISSN:2456-4184, Vol.8, Issue 2, page no.780-838, February-2023, Available :https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRDTH00013.pdf

Volume 8 Issue 2, February-2023

Pages : 780-838

Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_186842

Published Paper Id: IJNRDTH00013

Downloads: 000121162

Research Area: Engineering

Country: Enugu, Enugu, Nigeria

Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRDTH00013.pdf

Published Paper URL: https://ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJNRDTH00013

Journal Name: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT(IJNRD)

ISSN: 2456-4184 | IMPACT FACTOR: 8.76 Calculated By Google Scholar | ESTD YEAR: 2016

An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 8.76 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator

Publisher: IJNRD (IJ Publication) Janvi Wave

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and The Open Definition

Call For Paper - Volume 10 | Issue 8 | August 2025

IJNRD is Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, High Impact factor 8.76 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool), Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI) with Open-Access Publications.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IJNRD) aims to explore advances in research pertaining to applied, theoretical and experimental Technological studies. The goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working in and around the world. IJNRD will provide an opportunity for practitioners and educators of engineering field to exchange research evidence, models of best practice and innovative ideas.

Indexing In Google Scholar, SSRN, ResearcherID-Publons, Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Microsoft Academic, Academia.edu, arXiv.org, Research Gate, CiteSeerX, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters, Mendeley : reference manager, DocStoc, ISSUU, Scribd, and many more

How to submit the paper?

Important Dates for Current issue

Paper Submission Open For: August 2025

Current Issue: Volume 10 | Issue 8

Last Date for Paper Submission: Till 31-Aug-2025

Notification of Review Result: Within 1-2 Days after Submitting paper.

Publication of Paper: Within 01-02 Days after Submititng documents.

Frequency: Monthly (12 issue Annually).

Journal Type: International Peer-reviewed, Refereed, and Open Access Journal.

Subject Category: Research Area